April 05, 2005
The Ethics of Expediting
Posted by Gordon Smith

An artifact of the multiple submissions that characterize the law review publication process is the practice of expedited review. Here's how it works: the author submits her paper to tens of journals (say, 40-100) and awaits offers. When the first offer arrives, often from a journal ranked in the lowest quartile, the author contacts all or some of the journals ranked above the offering journal to request expedited review. The author explains that she has an offer outstanding from the ________ Law Review, but would be pleased to ditch them in favor of higher-ranked journal. The only catch is that the higher-ranked journal needs to respond before the offer explodes. In some instances, this might be a couple of weeks, but in other instances it may be as short as 24 hours.

As you can imagine even if you have not participated in this sport, the expedited review process is full of ethical minefields. For example, many authors work the process in stages, requesting expedited review from journals in the next higher quartile, getting an offer, then repeating the process for the next group above that. The staging of expedited reviews is a response to the impression that editors at top law reviews will not pay attention to an expedited review request if the offering journal is published by a second- or third-tier law school. In other words, to get an editor's attention, you need an offer from a journal that seems to be close to the same ranking as the editor's journal. The necessary consequence of this process is that a journal in the middle may do an expedited review, make an offer, and then lose the article to a higher-ranked journal.

Law reviews have developed various mechanisms for managing the expedited review process. Some promise quick decisions for exclusive submissions. Some issue "exploding offers" (usually 24 hours or less). In most instances, however, the student editors have decided that they need to play the traditional game to get the best articles possible for their journal. What are the ethical obligations of the authors?

Earlier today, I received this email from a reader of this blog:

I am an articles editor of a top 25 law review.... We have had 2 times (maybe 3 after today) where an author has expedited something to us (on less than 24 working hrs time) and then went with the journal they expedited from after we made the offer. This seems problematic to me....

Me, too. Setting aside for a moment the ethics of expedited review generally, if authors are going to play this game, they should play with at least a modicum of decency. For me that means this: if an author asks for an expedited review based on an offer outstanding from the ________ Law Review, the author should have already decided that a new offer from the expediting journal would trump the existing offer. Otherwise, in my view, the author should not request an expedited review at all.

This seems obvious to me. The more troubling question is whether the request for an expedited review implies that the author will not use an offer based on expedited review as the basis for further requests for expedited review. In short, is staging ethical? I have done it, and I have advised others to do it, but it must seem a hardship to the editors who go to the trouble of expediting and offering, only to be used as a rung on the ladder to higher-ranked journals. Can expediting journals effectively self-protect by placing conditions on offers based on expedited review? I would be interested to hear thoughts about current practices and problems. 

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Comments (28)

11. Posted by on April 5, 2005 @ 10:52 | Permalink

Kaimi,

It makes sense to me if #54 was already reading it based on an earlier expedite. My impression is that authors by and large do not withdraw pieces they have accepted offers on. I object to authors re-expediting to #54 based on the additional offer from #55.


12. Posted by new editor on April 5, 2005 @ 11:06 | Permalink

My law review has an institutional blacklist for authors that have abused the process. I'm not sure how long this thing dates back, but I think it can have legitimate ramifications on an author's ability to publish. Then again, it takes obvious gaming and abuse to get a spot on the blacklist (rather than simply being disfavored by the current board and maybe the following 1 or 2). If an author appears to have gamed the system, we will call them out on it. A lot of the time, they don't even really know what they're doing. It's pretty easy to tell the difference between the ones who do it on purpose and the ones who do it inadvertantly. Unfortunately, I think there is a lot of bad advice out there about expedites and the whole process. I think that legal academia breeds the whole gaming concept and encourages other professors--who would otherwise know better and not do it on purpose--to abuse the process. And once again, it simply comes down to remembering we're not the big, bad law review. We're a bunch of students who have stepped in for a year to a process that is foreign to us. While we do the best job we can, many of the prosepctive authors make the process much more hellish than it should be.


13. Posted by Clerk Writer on April 5, 2005 @ 11:15 | Permalink

Just to add one more point. Until I read this post, it had never occurred to me that over-expediting might be an ethical problem. I tried to minimize doing it out of courtesy, but didn't fully think this through. I guess the reason is, as a former editor from a top ten specialty journal, I saw this stuff go on all the time. I thought it was just "part of the process." In the future, I will definitely try to have my decision hierarchy in place before requesting expedites.

I would, however, appreciate anyone who can add insight into the rankings of specialty (especially some less regarded specialties) vs. general law reviews.


14. Posted by Heidi on April 5, 2005 @ 12:07 | Permalink

I don't know how much of a problem this is for us. I do know that some people try to "game" the system. I have never felt like I'm being "gamed" though.

From my point of view, the whole point of an expedite is to work as a non-school filter. I care almost nothing about where the expedite is from; all we use them for is to move articles from the "read at our leisure" pile to a "read more quickly" pile. Sometimes expedited articles don't get read; this is because nobody here finds the first page really eye-catching. A few days before your expedite deadline, someone in the office will take a closer look, and if they think that we need to push the article through to a read, it'll happen. Otherwise it gets rejected.

If you expedite in waves, though, it may work against you. Tell us when you have an expedite, even if your expedite is from the Mesopotamian Journal of Law and Earwax. It is much easier for us to read your article with a two week lag time than two days; two days, and you risk us saying, "This article may be interesting, but we're just not going to force everyone to read it. Mesopotamia can have it."


15. Posted by articles editor on April 5, 2005 @ 13:43 | Permalink

staging (considering offer from a peer journal with a longer deadline to re-expedite to higher ranked schools) does not offend me as an articles editor because the author will assumedly accept my offer if he/she does not receive a better offer.

the more unethical expedite conduct involves using an offer to expedite up when the author has no intention of accepting that offer if she does not receive a better offer. this is the type of author that will continue to seek extensions, only to withdraw their article at the end of the expedite period without ever receiving another article.


16. Posted by Kaimi on April 5, 2005 @ 14:01 | Permalink

AE raises an interesting question -- is it ever ethical to send a submission to the Mesopotamian Journal of Law and Earwax for the _sole purpose_ of trying to use them as bait to get an offer from Michigan? I don't know the answer to this myself; I suspect that there's a divide in opinions.


17. Posted by Scott Moss on April 5, 2005 @ 14:13 | Permalink

If law review editors wanted to do so, they could coordinate information (e.g., a password-encrypted website where they share information on who expedited and when) to prevent "re-expediting." This sort of coordination is feasible: editors recently coordinated their effort to encourage shorter articles; the number of law reviews is small enough that coordination is feasible; and it's in the interest of all law reviews to do this.


18. Posted by articles editor on April 5, 2005 @ 14:22 | Permalink

kaimi -- the answer should be simple (well, at least from a student perspective!). do not submit an article to a journal from which you would not accept a publication offer. or, at the very least, do not wait the entire expedite period (plus extensions) before deciding the journal is beneath you. this is an immense waste of time for the editors.


19. Posted by tim on April 5, 2005 @ 14:43 | Permalink


Two comments:

I once received a publication offer in which the editor said (as I recall), "We have one slot available and have made multiple offers. The first author to call and accept will receive the slot." Is this common? Other similar stories?

2. Not too long ago, I read an article (Green Bag?) comparing/contrasting manuscript submissions with judicial clerkship applications. How many of us would have the audacity to try to "trade up" a clerkship offer? So why do we act differently when it comes to manuscript submissions? Is it because we feel that it's the only way to convince student editors at "better" journals to read our work? Would the process be more "fair" if the review process was truly "blind"?


20. Posted by wanna be law prof on April 5, 2005 @ 14:49 | Permalink

There is the problem of getting the top journals to read the article without an expedite. Do top journals read anything not on expedite? I'm curious what strategies have worked for people to get a top journal to read an article without an expedite.

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