Following up on posts by Lisa, Vic, and Larry, I wanted to add some thoughts on how the jury arrived at its verdict. In order for jurors to believe a defendant's story, the story must be familiar and relatable to them. As Larry noted, the Enron jurors had no guideposts to imagine the daily business of being the President or CEO of a fast-growing company like Enron.
As a law student, I spent a semester interviewing jurors in death penalty cases as part of Texas' Capital Punishment Clinic. I was regularly surprised by the heuristics that jurors used to assess guilt. Most often, jurors stopped listening to the defendant's story because elements of it were not part of their everyday, middle-class life. Some statements I heard: "What kind of person is hanging out in a park at 2:00 a.m.?" "What kind of person hitches a ride to Dallas with someone they just met?" The oddest shortcut I witnessed was a woman who told me that the defendant was probably guilty because his dad was in jail. When I asked her why she thought his dad was in jail (he wasn't), she said that they let him out of jail to testify, and he was in his jail uniform. Unfortunately, he was in his highway construction worker uniform.
I think this phenomenon is at work in white-collar trials as well. What kind of person has to take out loans from his own company when he has millions? What kind of person doesn't think it's worth mentioning that he's made an investment in a company that does business with Enron? What kind of person can't remember if he invested $60k or $180k in it? What kind of a person calls $22 million a "rounding error" for a company like Enron? What kind of person has a Ph.D in Economics but doesn't know his CFO is crooked? The business world where millions of dollars can be a rounding error and where executives with millions also leverage their portfolios with debt is as foreign to a juror as a world where poor young men hang out in parks at night and road trip with people they just met. Those worlds can't exist, so there must be more there to the story.
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1. Posted by Gordon Smith on June 1, 2006 @ 21:12 | Permalink
I agree with you, Christine. Earlier today, Brett McDonnell commented: "There are some buried assumptions about class and what the criminal justice system is for that I think underly a lot of the commentary." My sense is that the issues of class are not so much about "what the criminal justice system is for" but about what kind of people Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling are. The jurors cannot walk in their shoes, but perhaps some of our participants can.
2. Posted by Lisa Fairfax on June 2, 2006 @ 6:26 | Permalink
I would agree that the verdict revealed some issues about class, particularly the widening gap between the upper class and the working class. Given the broader issues Tom Joo has pointed out about the defects in our retirement plans, the gap promises to get wider. The truth of the matter is that a very small percentage of American people can relate to the Lays of the world, which had me wondering if such executives can really find a "jury of their peers." While the rest of society may be okay with their wealth in the abstract (after all, it symbolizes reaching the American dream), it is more problematic up close--particularly if we believe they achieved the wealth and the dream through foul means.
3. Posted by NonEnronAttorney on June 2, 2006 @ 7:19 | Permalink
"The jurors cannot walk in their shoes, but perhaps some of our participants can."
I find this post condescending against American jurors. True only of white collar crimes?
They had the chance to defend themselves well. Jury consultants, etc. Play by the rules -- if you can't handle the loss in risky business, don't risk it. Your guys lost, final score.
4. Posted by John Davidson on June 2, 2006 @ 7:32 | Permalink
As a law student, I spent a semester interviewing jurors in death penalty cases . .
the reason why you have 12 jurors is that while one juror may miss a point or misunderstand, someone else will get such
like #3 i find your posts . . .
5. Posted by Steve Kersley on June 2, 2006 @ 15:07 | Permalink
Indeed, what kind of person is it that doesn't think to declare an investment in a business that trades with a company they run. Or thinks they are a net purchaser of shares because their sales don't count?
It's not the ordinary jurors that don't understand the reality...
6. Posted by TomJoo on June 2, 2006 @ 17:08 | Permalink
Christine: I agree that jurors use the kind of heuristics you're talking about, but I'm not sure that to do so is always wrong. [The example of the guy in the construction uniform is blackly funny, but kinda unfair.] We lawyers can talk about the black letter 'til we're blue in the face, but to some extent the black letter operates as a proxy for fuzzier questions of Right and Wrong, and isn't this the theory behind the lay (whoops) jury? Of course whether that's a good theory is a horse that has been, and will continue to be, pretty well beaten...
7. Posted by Eric Goldman on June 2, 2006 @ 21:09 | Permalink
Christine, I thought this was a really good and important post, and I'm surprised by the tenor of comments #3, 4 and 5. The bottom line is that we ask jurors to try to imagine how they would make decisions in a world that, to them, is often grossly counterfactual. This is true in all types of cases, not just white collar or death penalty, but some counterfactuals surely must be more opaque to jurors than others.
This doesn't excuse Lay or Skilling or mean that the jury got it wrong. But I think Christine was onto something about the difficulties jurors may face when trying to grade decision-making in situations that are very foreign to them.
8. Posted by NonEnronAttorney on June 3, 2006 @ 0:27 | Permalink
"This is true in all types of cases, not just white collar or death penalty, but some counterfactuals surely must be more opaque to jurors than others."
C-O-N-D-E-S-C-E-N-D-I-N-G
This doesn't excuse Lay or Skilling or mean that the jury got it wrong. But I think Christine was onto something about the difficulties jurors may face when trying to grade decision-making in situations that are very foreign to them.
S-U-C-K-U-P
I can understand why you don't get it.
They fed your firm.
Attorneys paid to represent corporate interests may be unable to think beyond that lens. You might lose perks. Luckily, American jurors and voters come from a bigger pool.
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