July 23, 2008
BYU Law School
Posted by Gordon Smith

Earlier today, Jason Solomon highlighted my law school over on Prawfsblawg under the title, "Just How Good is BYU Law?" Jason asked for some first-hand accounts, and this is my attempt to provide some context for his remarks, based on my one year here.

First, Jason links to our website twice to provide evidence that our teaching is focused on particular learning outcomes. How does that translate to the classroom? Hard to say. I started putting learning outcomes on my syllabi for the first time when I came to BYU, partly because the Dean was endorsing this as a sound pedagogical practice and partly because the BYU Center for Teaching and Learning, with whom I am consulting about re-designing my courses, also emphasized the importance of clarifying the learning outcomes. The faculty at BYU Law School does not spend a lot of time in organized sessions talking about teaching -- we should probably do more of that -- but we have an annual retreat, and I gather that teaching is always part of the discussion there.

Second, BYU has never emphasized live clinics. One of my colleagues, David Dominguez, supervises a community lawyering program that is clinical, but by and large, the school has avoided live clinics in favor of simulations. My understanding is that this emphasis on simulations started early in the law school's history (the law school was founded in 1973), and several faculty -- including Larry Farmer, who is linked in Jason's post, and Gerry Williams, who recently retired, among others -- gained national recognition for their work in the area. As a result, simulations have become part of the DNA of the law school, a point of pride, if you will. More recently, BYU has developed an expansive externship program under the tutelage of Jim Backman.

Third, an aspect of BYU's culture that I value greatly is the emphasis on faculty student interaction. We don't have very good ratios compared to our peer institutions, but my observation is that the faculty generally make an effort to interact with the students, and I think that is reflected in the Princeton Review surveys.

Finally, the most distinctive aspect of BYU Law School is the religious affiliation. Jason makes the obligatory disclaimer: "And no, it's not for everybody with its religious affiliation and fairly conservative faculty, administration and student body ..." Can't we say "And no, it's not for everybody ..." about every law school? Wisconsin is not for people who hate snow. Lewis & Clark is not a great place for people who hate hanging around environmentalists. Chicago is pretty uncomfortable for stupid people. So, yes, BYU is distinctive on religious grounds, but as Jason observes, most people figure that out long before they set foot in the building.

Paul Horowitz explores the point about religious affiliation a bit in a follow-up to Jason's post. He is particularly interested in "religious homogeneity" and its effect on law schools. This is a big topic, and I won't be able to do it justice in this blog post, but I will offer a modest and highly personal defense of "religious homogeneity."

I teach business law classes -- Business Associations, Contracts, Corporate Finance, Law and Entrepreneurship, and Securities Regulation -- and I expect that my colleagues who teach Constitutional Law or other subjects may have difference experiences, but my experience has been that religion is peripheral to most of my classroom instruction. It comes in occasionally in the form of an inside joke or a brief aside, but it is rarely a focus in my class.

On the other hand, our common religious values allow me to interact with the law students outside of class in a manner that is often more direct and meaningful than was possible with students of a different religious heritage. While I love my students at Wisconsin, Vandy, Lewis & Clark, etc., the unique opportunities for mentoring that I have at BYU are among the most important reasons that I am here rather than at another law school right now.

Finally, the notion of "religious homogeneity" is a placeholder for a much broader accusation of lack of viewpoint diversity. While I am not going to pretend that BYU has no challenges with regard to diversity, I was impressed with the passion of my first-year law students last fall in Contracts on all sides of the issues we covered in the course. (By the way, I was using the Wisconsin materials, so we weren't ducking tough values issues!) The empirical point is hard to verify, but my impression was that religious homogeneity actually enabled or encouraged many of those discussions. Why? Because the students were required to examine the implications of their (assumed) shared beliefs. They could not pass off their disagreements on the simplistic ground that they held different values than their classmates. This was real learning, not indoctrination.

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Comments (18)

1. Posted by anon on July 24, 2008 @ 2:57 | Permalink

A BYU 3L posted a very in-depth comment about BYU in the prawfs blog. I think you would be interested to see what it says. If you feel up to addressing the 3L's comments with your blog, I'd be interested to see your response.


2. Posted by Gordon Smith on July 24, 2008 @ 6:14 | Permalink

anon,

Thanks for the heads up. That comment wasn't posted when I wrote my post. I started to write some thoughts, but I am being hustled out the door for the family outing. More later ...


3. Posted by Paul Horwitz on July 24, 2008 @ 8:50 | Permalink

Gordon, thanks for a thoughtful post; you'll also see that Jason Solomon has continued the discussion at Prawfs. I'm very much enjoying these exchanges. One slight correction: although I did quote a commenter talking about religious homogeneity, and it did spark my own post, I don't think I was suggesting that religious institutions are necessarily homogenous, religiously or, especially, otherwise. I certainly don't equate religous institutions with a lack of viewpoint diversity, and agree completely with Rick's comment on Jason's post, which suggests that there is plenty of viewpoint diversity at many a religious institution. My post was really about the virtues of a shared sense of underlying mission at many religiously affiliated schools, which I think can and does suffuse disparate aspects of the curriculum and can contribute mightily to the virtues of an educational experience at such schools. But that sense of shared mission is not, at least at many such schools, a straitjacket, and in any event it can be capacious enough to allow for a host of different questions and answers -- although, at their best, such institutions bring a seriousness of purpose to talking about these questions and answers. Cheers, Paul


4. Posted by Gordon Smith on July 24, 2008 @ 17:42 | Permalink

Thanks, Paul. Correction noted.

Anon, I posted a response to BYU 3L's comments over on Prawfs, but I will copy them here for convenience ...

Turning to BYU 3L's comments, I can imagine the sorts of discrimination BYU 3L describes, though I think it would be a grave mistake for readers to assume that all or even most BYU Law Professors routinely favor Mormons over Non-Mormons. Again, I will speak from my personal experience, since that is what I know best. Last semester I taught Securities Regulation and Law & Entrepreneurship, with 100 students between them. If you asked me who were the non-Mormons in my classes, I would not have the faintest idea. As I write this comment, you could tell me I had any number of non-Mormons in my classes, and I would have to take it on faith, because I simply don't know.

Likewise, I have hired research assistants, agreed to supervise papers, and been asked by students to assist with clerkships, and I could not tell you in any instance whether those students were Mormons, unless the topic arose in subsequent conversation. It is simply not a relevant factor for me in deciding whether to aid a student, and I know many of my colleagues feel the same way. I don't doubt that BYU 3L has had the experiences related, and I am sad to hear about that, but it would be a mistake for readers to assume this problem is pervasive at BYU Law School.

Re tuition, BYU 3L didn't mention that the "double tuition" for non-Mormons is still only $18,480 for the coming year. (For Mormons, the tuition is $9,240.) Why the difference? The Law School is heavily subsidized by tithing dollars of Church members. Just as state law schools give better tuition deals to taxpayers than non-taxpayers, BYU gives a better tuition deal to members of the Church.

This comment is already too long, but let me add two more quick observations. First, while I wish that BYU 3L had received a more positive experience at BYU, I think his experience is fairly typical of anyone who is a member of a small minority group when interacting with members of the majority group. Having spent most of my adult life as a religious minority, I could tell you lots more stories than those shared by BYU 3L about discrimination against me because of my faith. In most instances, being on the receiving end of such treatment feels pretty horrible, but discrimination is not unique to BYU or Mormons. (I wish it were uniquely absent among us, but it isn't.)

Second, just in case you think me callous and insensitive to BYU 3L's experiences -- maybe you think I have no idea what BYU 3L feels like? -- I should disclose that I attended BYU undergrad as a non-Mormon. Yes, I paid the higher tuition and I was sometimes subject to the subtle (or not) slights described by BYU 3L. So while our experiences are not perfectly symmetrical, I feel confident in expressing some kinship of experience.


5. Posted by BYU 3L on July 25, 2008 @ 1:22 | Permalink

Professor:

Thank you for your thoughtful response to my original comment.

I responded again. Much like Mr. Horwitz, I am quite enjoying these exchanges as well.

Hoping you had a good 24th,

-BYU 3L


6. Posted by Fred Stone on July 25, 2008 @ 9:09 | Permalink

Just wondering whether Cardozo Law School has bargain tuition rates for Jews on the theory that Yeshiva U. is heavily dependent on Jewish charity.

This whole notion of there being benefits of religious homogeneity in a law scholl is offensive and quite surprising. Unless the school is specializing in canonical or talmudic law, what's the relevance of the school's being affiliated with a religiously-connected university? The legal system and process in our country exists in the context of a society invented to foster diversity, to emphasize the values of non-establishment, and to enable peaceable inter-ethnic and multi-creed interaction.


7. Posted by Gordon Smith on July 25, 2008 @ 10:13 | Permalink

Fred, You cannot seriously assert that BYU and Cardozo are good analogs on funding. And even if they were, so what? Why should BYU care in the least about Cardozo's tuition policies?

By the way, Cardozo's tuition is $42,200 for 1Ls, compared to $18,480 for non-Mormon law students at BYU. Don't you think it's immoral to impose that sort of tuition burden? (For those who are slow, that last question was intended to be tongue in cheek ... at least, mostly tongue in cheek. I must say that I am very pleased to be associated with a law school that does not require most of its students to incur large debts.)

Your second question -- "what's the relevance of the school's being affiliated with a religiously-connected university?" -- seems more serious, though your analysis is weak, even by the lower standards that apply to blog comments. You seem to be boxing shadows. Do you have any idea what it is like to learn law at BYU? I suspect not. But you have a very vivid imagination.

Re diversity, you might benefit from reading Rick Garnett's posts and comments at PrawfBlawg on institutional and viewpoint diversity.

Re "values of non-establishment," I have no idea what you are talking about. Is this an argument against religiously affiliated law schools generally? If so, see Rick Garnett again. If not, I am completely lost.

Re "enabl[ing] peaceable inter-ethnic and multi-creed interaction" ... these are noble goals, but are you seriously suggesting that BYU law graduates are more limited than graduates of other law schools in their desire to achieve these goals or their ability to pursue these goals competently? Data, please!

It's probably worth reminding yourself that law school is but one slice of the life experience of a law student. Like students at other schools, our students have engaged the world in myriad ways, and by and large, I am very impressed with their maturity and sophistication.


8. Posted by Fred Stone on July 25, 2008 @ 13:59 | Permalink

'values of non-establishment' is a short-hand reference to the notion that the judiciary in the US operates under the mandate of the non-establishment clause, such that the administration of justice is religion-neutral and religiously-affiliated law schools are of necessity teaching about such a system, thereby making the affilation essentially irrelevant to the content of what is being taught if they are doing their job properly.

without the benefit of data, and without myself having the burden of having to sound like an academic, which i am thankfully not--just a practitioner in the canyons of NYC--i assert to you that he oe she who advocates for or defends a tuition schedule that discriminates based upon religious affiliation has the burden of proof on virtually any issue that virtually anyone cares to raise about it.


9. Posted by Stephen M (Ethesis) on July 25, 2008 @ 18:11 | Permalink

It should be noted that at $18,480 the tuition is still subsidized. It is interesting to see posters who feel it is somehow wrong for a group to subsidize the tuition of its members more than the tuition of those from outside.

Kind of like churches that have two different schedules for rentals of their buildings -- one for members and a different one for outside groups.

Or insurance companies that have one schedule of benefits for policy holders and another ($0.00) for those who do not hold policies.

The world is filled with organizations that treat members differently than non-members.

Consider the New York Bar. I suspect they may well have different rates for CLE for members of various sections and non-members -- and the Courts there are probably a bit sticky with lawyers who aren't members of the New York Bar but who would like the benefit of practicing in New York courts.

BTW, I enjoyed taking classes at BYU. One of my favorite memories was watching Rex Lee take a a con law class and persuade them all not to only understand busing and integration, but to believe in it.


10. Posted by Stephen M (Ethesis) on July 25, 2008 @ 18:12 | Permalink

Because the students were required to examine the implications of their (assumed) shared beliefs. They could not pass off their disagreements on the simplistic ground that they held different values than their classmates. This was real learning, not indoctrination.

That would have been my experience as well.

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